What does Reform Judaism believe?

Reform Judaism is one of the major streams of Jewish religious life and thought, known for its commitment to modernity, inclusivity, and evolving interpretation of Jewish tradition. Emerging in 19th-century Europe as a response to the challenges and opportunities of modern society, Reform Judaism has developed a distinctive set of beliefs, practices, and values. It has become especially prominent in North America and has profoundly shaped the landscape of contemporary Jewish identity.

Historical Context: The Origins of Reform Judaism

Reform Judaism originated in Germany in the early 1800s, during a period of great social and intellectual upheaval known as the Enlightenment. Jews were gaining civil rights, access to secular education, and participation in broader society. As Jewish communities confronted the challenges of integration and modernization, some thinkers and leaders began to seek ways to harmonize Jewish tradition with the values and realities of modern European life.

Rabbi Abraham Geiger and other early Reform leaders advocated changes in synagogue practice, including prayers in the vernacular, mixed seating for men and women, choral music, and shortened services. They emphasized ethical teachings over ritual observance and sought to align Judaism with contemporary moral and intellectual currents. The movement quickly spread to other parts of Europe and, by the mid-19th century, to the United States, where it took on new forms and priorities.

The Centrality of Ethics and Social Justice

A core belief of Reform Judaism is that the ethical teachings of Judaism are central and enduring, while ritual laws are subject to reinterpretation and adaptation. Reform Judaism teaches that the prophets’ calls for justice, compassion, and peace are the heart of the Jewish message. As a result, Reform Jews are often deeply engaged in social justice causes, civil rights, and efforts to alleviate poverty and discrimination.

This ethical focus is reflected in the principle of tikkun olam—“repairing the world”—which is seen as a religious obligation. Reform congregations are frequently involved in advocacy, community service, and interfaith partnerships. Many Reform Jews view their faith as a force for positive change in society, grounded in the moral imperatives of the Jewish tradition.

The Evolving Nature of Jewish Law and Tradition

Unlike Orthodox Judaism, which sees halacha (Jewish law) as binding and immutable, Reform Judaism regards Jewish law as a product of its time, with rituals and practices that can and should evolve. Reform Jews are encouraged to study Jewish tradition and make informed choices about which practices have meaning for them.

This approach is sometimes called “informed choice” or “personal autonomy.” Individuals and communities are empowered to adapt rituals, prayers, and observances to fit their values and circumstances. For example, Reform congregations may use musical instruments on Shabbat, allow mixed-gender seating, and include prayers for peace and social justice alongside traditional liturgy.

Openness to Change and Modern Scholarship

Reform Judaism embraces modern biblical scholarship, historical study, and scientific knowledge. The movement accepts that the Torah and other sacred texts were written and edited by humans over time, rather than given word-for-word by God. This historical-critical approach allows for a dynamic and evolving understanding of Judaism, open to new ideas and discoveries.

This openness is also seen in the willingness to re-examine traditional beliefs and rituals in light of contemporary values. For example, Reform Judaism has revised liturgy to be more inclusive of women and non-binary individuals, removed references that conflict with modern ethical sensibilities, and updated prayers to reflect a universalistic vision of humanity.

Belief in God and Theological Diversity

Reform Judaism affirms belief in God, but allows for a wide range of theological perspectives. While God is traditionally understood as a singular, transcendent being, Reform Judaism encourages individuals to explore different ways of relating to the divine. Some Reform Jews have a personal, theistic understanding of God, while others see God as a symbol of morality, the force of good in the universe, or the sum of Jewish ethical aspirations.

This theological diversity is reflected in Reform liturgy and educational materials, which often use inclusive and non-dogmatic language. The movement avoids rigid creeds, allowing for personal exploration and questioning as part of Jewish spiritual life.

The Role of Ritual and Worship

Reform Judaism values ritual and communal worship, but adapts them to contemporary needs. Services are often conducted in the vernacular language, with an emphasis on accessibility and participation. Music, creative liturgy, and inclusive language are common features of Reform worship.

While Reform Jews may observe traditional holidays and life cycle events, the details of practice can vary widely. Some Reform Jews keep kosher or observe Shabbat in traditional ways, while others interpret these practices symbolically or adapt them to their own lives. The movement encourages members to find meaning in Jewish ritual, whether through traditional observance, innovation, or a combination of both.

Gender Equality and LGBTQ+ Inclusion

One of the hallmarks of Reform Judaism is its commitment to gender equality and LGBTQ+ inclusion. The movement was the first major Jewish denomination to ordain women as rabbis (beginning in 1972 with Rabbi Sally Priesand in the United States), and Reform synagogues are committed to equal participation of men, women, and non-binary individuals in all aspects of religious life.

Reform Judaism is also a leader in LGBTQ+ inclusion, performing same-sex marriages, welcoming LGBTQ+ clergy, and advocating for the rights and dignity of all people. These commitments reflect the movement’s belief that Jewish values demand respect for every individual and that tradition must evolve to reflect changing understandings of justice and equality.

Attitude Toward Interfaith Families and Conversion

Reform Judaism takes a welcoming approach to interfaith families and those who seek to join the Jewish people. Interfaith couples are often embraced, and children of one Jewish parent—whether mother or father—are considered Jewish if raised in a Jewish home. This is a significant departure from traditional halacha, which defines Jewish status according to matrilineal descent.

Relationship with Israel and the Jewish People

Reform Judaism supports the State of Israel as the Jewish homeland and encourages connection with Israel through travel, education, and advocacy. At the same time, the movement values pluralism and often advocates for religious freedom and equality within Israeli society, where Orthodox interpretations of Judaism are dominant.

Reform Judaism understands Jewish identity as both religious and cultural. The movement promotes Jewish education, Hebrew language study, and engagement with Jewish history and culture. Reform Jews see themselves as part of the global Jewish people, with a commitment to mutual responsibility and peoplehood.