Did Judaism arrive before Islam?

Among the world’s most influential faiths are Judaism and Islam, both of which have left indelible marks on civilization. A frequent question that arises in discussions about these religions is: Did Judaism arrive before Islam? To answer this, we must explore the historical development of both faiths, their origins, and the contexts in which they emerged.

The Origins of Judaism

Judaism is widely recognized as one of the world’s oldest monotheistic religions. Its roots trace back to the ancient Near East, particularly the land known historically as Canaan, which roughly corresponds to modern-day Israel and Palestine. The foundational texts of Judaism—the Torah and the Hebrew Bible—describe the story of the patriarch Abraham, who is considered the first to embrace the idea of a single, all-powerful God.

Historians generally place Abraham’s life somewhere between 2000 and 1800 BCE. The narrative continues with his descendants, especially his grandson Jacob, who later became known as Israel. The Israelites, as Jacob’s descendants were called, eventually migrated to Egypt, where they were enslaved and later liberated by Moses—a pivotal figure in Jewish history. Moses is traditionally credited with leading the Israelites out of Egypt (the Exodus) and receiving the Torah at Mount Sinai, events that are traditionally dated to around 1300 BCE.

As a formal religion, Judaism began to take recognizable shape during the first millennium BCE, with the establishment of religious laws, rituals, and a communal identity. The construction of the First Temple in Jerusalem by King Solomon around 950 BCE marked the beginning of a centralized place of worship for the Jewish people.

The Emergence of Islam

Islam, in contrast, emerged much later in history. The religion was founded in the 7th century CE (Common Era) in the Arabian Peninsula, specifically in what is now Saudi Arabia. The Prophet Muhammad, born around 570 CE in Mecca, is regarded as the last prophet in Islam. At the age of 40, Muhammad began receiving revelations from Allah (God) through the angel Gabriel. These revelations were eventually compiled into the Quran, the holy book of Islam.

The spread of Islam was rapid and transformative. Within a few decades of Muhammad’s first revelations in 610 CE, Islam had become a dominant religious and political force across the Arabian Peninsula and would soon expand into parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia. Islam recognizes many of the same prophets who play key roles in Judaism, including Abraham (Ibrahim), Moses (Musa), and others, but it positions Muhammad as the final prophet who brings God’s ultimate message to humanity.

Chronological Comparison

When comparing the timelines, it is clear that Judaism predates Islam by many centuries. The earliest roots of Judaism reach back to at least the 2nd millennium BCE, while Islam emerged in the 7th century CE—over 2,000 years later. The development of Judaism as an established faith, with its scriptures, laws, and traditions, was well underway long before the birth of Muhammad and the revelation of the Quran.

Shared Lineage and Differences

Although Judaism and Islam arose in different historical periods, they share notable connections. Both are monotheistic faiths—meaning they believe in one God—and both trace their spiritual ancestry to Abraham. This is why Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are collectively known as the “Abrahamic religions.”

However, there are significant differences in doctrine, practice, and interpretation. Judaism focuses on the covenant between God and the people of Israel, emphasizing laws and traditions passed down through generations. Islam, while sharing some stories and figures with Judaism, presents its own interpretation of God’s message, culminating in the teachings of Muhammad and the Quran.